756 Battle of Cordoba: The Yemenites defeat the Quaisiti

1004 King of the Germans & later HRE Henry II is crowned King of Italy (1004-1024) at Pavia, sparking bloody rioting

1314 The Earl of Moray captures Edinburgh from the English

1509 Battle of Agnadello: the French defeat the Venetians

1559 Battle of Deoraj: Moghul Emperor Aurangzeb defeats Dara Shikon

1639 "The Trot of Turriff": Lt Col William Johnston, Sir George Ogilvy, & Sir John Gordon rout the Covenanters

1643 Louis XIV becomes King of France at 4 (1643-1715)

1653 The Massachusetts Council declares that one eighth of each militia company be available to march on one day's warning.

1801 Tripoli declares war on the US, initiating the First Tripoli War (1801-1805)

1804 Lewis & Clark Expedition sets out from St Louis

1811 Paraguay declares independence from Spain, then largely under French occupation

1836 Mexican President Santa Anna, a prisoner of the Texans, signs the Treaty of Velasco, conceding Texan independence

1836 Congress authorizes the Wilkes Expedition to explore the South Seas

1845 USS 'Constitution' lands Marines at Danang, Indochina

1856 USS 'Supply' delivers 50 Turkish camels to the US Army at Indianola, Texas

1859 Napoleon III assumes command of Franco-Piedmontese forces at Genoa

1860 Battle of Calatafimini: "Here we make Italy, or we die!" - Garibaldi

1863 Battle of Jackson, MS

1864 Maj Arthur MacArthur assumes command of the 24th Wisc, at age 18

1889 The 1859 screw sloop USS 'Brooklyn' is stricken from the Navy List

1898 US-Spanish naval skirmish outside Havana

1932 New York: thousands march in "We Want Beer!" demonstration

1940 Nazis bomb Rotterdam: rumor and propaganda inflate the number of deaths (c. 800) to 30,000, prompting The Netherlands to surrender

1941 Nazis arrest 3,600 Jews in Paris

1943 The Solomons: Japanese minesweepers clear Kula Gulf.

1943 Japanese submarine sinks Australian hospital ship 'Centaur' off Brisbane, 268 of 332 persons aboard die; wreck is found in 2009, with the Red Cross still prominent on her sides

1944 Merrill's Marauders make a surprise attack on the Japanese-held airport at Myitkyina.

1945 Kamikaze strikes USS 'Enterprise" (CV-6)

1945 US offensive on Okinawa, Sugar Loaf Hill captured

1948 Israel declares independence

1955 The USSR and its satellites form the Warsaw Pact (1955-1989)

1974 The American radical Symbionese Liberation Army shoots it out with police; 6 die

1975 US air raids force the "Khmer Rouge" to free the container ship 'Mayaguez', after heavy losses on both sides