235 Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus - Maximinus Thrax is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the legions at Mainz (235-238)

1631 German Imperial troops sack Magdeburg, 25,000 said to have died

1760 Great Fire at Boston, leaves much of the city in ruins

1800 Battle of Heliopolis, Egypt: the French defeat the Turks

1814 Battle of Arcis-Sur-Aube, Day 1: Austro-Russians v. Napoleon

1815 Napoleon reaches Paris from Elba; The Hundred Days begin

1833 Cdr Geisinger of USS 'Peacock' & the King of Siam negotiate a commercial treaty

1836 Battle of Coleto Creek: A Texian garrison of Goliad surrenders to the Mexican Army

1849 Battle of Cava: Austrians defeat the Piedmontese

1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" is published

1853 The Tai-ping rebels capture Nanking

1890 Kaiser Wilhelm II fires Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

1896 Marines land in Nicaragua to protect US citizens

1922 First US carrier commissioned: 'Langley' (CV-1)

1927 Joseph Goebbels leads the first Nazi pogrom, attacking Jewish shops in Berlin.

1931 Christian Schreiber, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Berlin (1930-1933), warns against National Socialism

1933 The Nazis opened their first concentration camp, at Dachau, near Munich

1937 Battle of Guadalajara: Italo-Nationalist offensive begins

1939 7,000 Jews flee German-occupied Memel, Lithuania

1939 Naval Research Lab proposes the development of nuclear power

1942 Gen MacArthur vows "I shall return"

1942 Major Italo-German air raid on Malta

1943 Tunisia: British attack the Mareth Line

1951 Indonesian Army offensive against the Darul Islam movement on Java

1952 Final ratification of peace treaty restoring full sovereignty to Japan

1995 The Japanese "Aum Shinrikyo" cult disperses sarin gas on the Tokyo subway, 12 die, over 1,300 injured

2003 Widespread coalition airstrikes in Iraq