1152 Frederik I Barbarossa is crowned King of the Germans (1152-1190), later Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy (1155-1190), King of Burgundy (1157-1190)

1222 Battle of Chateaubriant: The Bretons defeat the French

1238 Battle of the Sith River: the Mongols under Batu Khan obliterate the Russians under Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal, near Yaroslav

1351 Accession of King Ramathibodi of Ayutthaya (Thailand)

1431 Gabriello Condulmaro elected Pope as Eugene IV (1431-1447)

1461 First deposition of the Lancastrian King Henry VI of England (1422-1461, 1470-1471), and first accession of the Yorkist Edward IV (1461-1470, 1471-1483)

1493 Columbus arrives at Lisbon aboard the 'Nina', concluding his first voyage to the "New World"

1519 Hernan Cortez, adventurer and lawyer, lands in Mexico

1665 England declares war on the Netherlands, initiating the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-1667)

1699 Jews are expelled from Lubeck, Germany

1789 U.S. Constitution goes into effect

1814 Battle of Longwood: Americans defeat the British, near Wardsville, Ontario.

1861 CSA adopts the "Stars & Bars" as a national flag

1877 Five-times wounded veteran Rutherford B Hayes inaugurated as president

1881 Former Maj Gen James A Garfield inaugurated as president

1885 Draft-dodger Grover Cleveland becomes 20th president

1889 Bvt Brig-Gen. Benjamin Harrison inaugurated as 21st president

1893 Draft-dodger Grover Cleveland becomes 22nd president

1897 Bvt Maj William McKinley inaugurated as 23rd president

1913 Balkan Wars - Battle of Bizani: Start of a three-day fight in which the Greeks defeat the Turks

1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated as 32nd President

1936 German airship 'Hindenburg' makes her first flight

1941 British commando raid on the Loften Islands

1942 Allies scuttle warships in the Surabaya navy yard

1942 USS 'Enterprise' (CV-6) raids Marcus Island

1942 Two Japanese flying boats, refueled by sub at French Frigate Shoal, raid Oahu

1943 Battle of the Bismarck Sea ends: Japanese lost 12 ships, thousands of men.

1944 Responding to reports that Japanese troops cursed his name during a banzai attack, Babe Ruth takes to the streets of New York to help raise money for the Red Cross

1945 Princess Elizabeth of England (later Queen Elizabeth II), 18, joins the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as a driver.

1945 US Army Air Force B-24s accidentally bomb Zurich

1945 Finland declares war on Nazi Germany

1970 French submarine 'Eurydice' explodes while submerged in the Mediterranean, 57 die

1991 Gulf War: Iraq releases P/Ws -- 6 US, 3 British, & 1 Italian