451 Battle of Avarayr: Armenians are defeated by the Persians

1085 Alfonso VI of Castile liberates Toledo from the Moors

1241 Rioters attack the Jews of Frankfort-on-the-Main

1571 Stephen Bathory is elected Prince of Transylvania (1571-75)

1626 Battle of Dessau: Imperialists defeat the Protestants

1632 Albrecht von Wallenstein's Imperial troops recapture Prague from the Saxons

1784 Marshal Mnizzek expels the Jews from Warsaw

1787 The Constitutional Convention opens in Philadelphia

1810 Argentina declares independence from Spain, which is largely under French occupation anyway

1836 Attempted assassination of King Louis Philippe of France

1859 Combat of Sesto Calende: Element's of Garibaldi's 'Cacciatori del Alpi' defeat an Austrian attempt to take the town

1862 Battle of Winchester, VA

1864 Battle of New Hope Church, GA

1865 Magazine explosion in Mobile, c. 300 die

1870 Fenians raid Eccles Hill, Québec, from the US

1878 Premiere of "HMS Pinafore" by Gilbert & Sullivan, in London

1919 U.S. Navy flying boat 'NC-4' completes a trans-Atlantic flight to Portugal (from 16th)

1925 Scopes "Monkey Trial" begins, Dayton, Tennessee

1940 German troops reach the Channel near Boulogne

1949 The Chinese Red Army occupies Shanghai

1953 First, and only, live test firing of the "Atomic Cannon," Nevada

1961 JFK pledges the US will put a man on the moon by 1970

1961 NASA pilot Joseph A Walker takes 'X-15' to 32,770 m

1979 Israel pulls out of Sinai, implementing peace with Egypt

1991 Israel completes rescue of 14,000 Ethiopian Jews